www.chinaview.cn 2010-01-07 21:03:08
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan. 7 (Xinhua) -- From May 1, non-Malaysians will no longer be eligible for subsidized petrol, a Malaysian official announced near here on Thursday.
Currently, everyone including foreigners enjoyed the subsidized petrol but this would not be the case anymore when a new mechanism was put in place, Malaysian Domestic Trade, Cooperatives and Consumerism Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said.
Ismail told a press conference that under the new fuel subsidy structure, My-kad, the identity card of Malaysians, might have to be used to purchase petrol in order to ensure that only qualified consumers were entitled to subsidized fuel.
While the foreigners could no longer purchase subsidized petrol in Malaysia, Ismail said that Malaysians would also be grouped into different categories based on their vehicles' engine capacity so that only the targeted consumers enjoyed the Malaysian government's subsidy.
He said that the Malaysian government currently subsidized 30 sen (8.8 U.S. cents) a liter for the RON 95 petrol, allowing the commodity to be sold at 1.80 (53 U.S. cents) a liter in the market, adding that disqualified consumers would have to pay the market price or more in future.
RON, or the Research Octane Number, is a measure of how resistant gasoline is to premature detonation, or knocking. The higher the number is, the stronger the resistance is.
Ismail also said that other elements such as the socio-economic factors would also be taken into account when determining the petrol buying prices.
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
Saturday, October 31, 2009
Petrol at pump may follow market price next year
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Kuala Lumpur: Datuk Seri Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah Tuesday did not discount the possibility that petrol price at the pump could follow the market price or without subsidy once the restructuring of petrol subsidisation is implemented early next year.
The Second Finance Minister said with the new structure, the offer of subsidy will be more targeted to the qualifying group or the holders of MyKad to enjoy the subsidised petrol price.
"The system is being developed and will be implemented between the first and second quarter," he told reporters after officiating the National Taxation Seminar 2009, here, Tuesday. - Bernama
Kuala Lumpur: Datuk Seri Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah Tuesday did not discount the possibility that petrol price at the pump could follow the market price or without subsidy once the restructuring of petrol subsidisation is implemented early next year.
The Second Finance Minister said with the new structure, the offer of subsidy will be more targeted to the qualifying group or the holders of MyKad to enjoy the subsidised petrol price.
"The system is being developed and will be implemented between the first and second quarter," he told reporters after officiating the National Taxation Seminar 2009, here, Tuesday. - Bernama
Thursday, August 20, 2009
Hydrogen + Oxygen = Fuel
Though hydrogen fuel cells had existed since the early 1800’s, the General Motors Electrovan became the first hydrogen-fueled vehicle in 1966. And now, with federal funding for hydrogen-powered car research cut, neither GM nor Long Island is giving up on the possibility of a hydrogen-fueled future.
Monitor inside the Chevy Equinox
PROJECT DRIVEWAY
The Project Driveway Program is one more to add to a laundry list of “green” ideas, only this one could land you in the driver’s seat of a brand new car for two months. Here’s how it works. General Motors loans you an automobile which appears to be a regular, ordinary Chevy Equinox equipped with the usual gadgets and gizmos—AM/FM radio, OnStar Emergency help and a navigation system—however, this Equinox has been converted into a fuel cell. In a fuel cell vehicle, hydrogen combines with oxygen. The two are so attracted to each other they actually create electricity, and the only byproduct is water. GM is running this market test to spread awareness and interest and gain feedback from test drivers. Bari Wien, an intern at EmPower Solar Clean Energy Solutions in Island Park, is one of those drivers. “It seems as if people are fascinated by this new technology that is environmentally and politically beneficial,” says Wien. “What better way to satisfy intrigue and fascination than to drive it yourself?” For more details and to apply to be a test driver visit www.gongos.com.
Under the Hood -- Hydrogen Fuel Cell
THE BOTTOM LINE
Vehicles running on hydrogen use no petroleum and have zero tailpipe emissions Clean steam is the only thing that comes out the back of the car. But certain obstacles have to be overcome before hydrogen cars hit the market on a large scale like: improving battery life, lowering the market price and tweaking the technology. Hydrogen is difficult to make and the process sometimes requires fossil fuels. Some stations rely on waste hydrogen products from factories, instead of fossil fuels. Right now, there is no electric car that can go farther than 200 miles and all batteries have a limited lifetime.
FUELING UP
A pumping station in Point Lookout, scheduled to open in September at the Town of Hempstead’s Conservation and Waterways headquarters, will provide pure hydrogen, blended hydrogen compressed natural gas, as well as pure natural gas fuels for a variety of vehicles.
Hydrogen will be trucked in huge tubes to the station, then fed through pipes controlled by a computer. You attach the tube pipe to the vehicle just like you would during a regular gasoline fill-up. The only difference is you are injecting compressed air rather than a liquid. The station will be part of an engineered network of stations under New York State’s hydrogen roadmap. For more information visit www.toh.li.
—Danielle Valente
Monitor inside the Chevy Equinox
PROJECT DRIVEWAY
The Project Driveway Program is one more to add to a laundry list of “green” ideas, only this one could land you in the driver’s seat of a brand new car for two months. Here’s how it works. General Motors loans you an automobile which appears to be a regular, ordinary Chevy Equinox equipped with the usual gadgets and gizmos—AM/FM radio, OnStar Emergency help and a navigation system—however, this Equinox has been converted into a fuel cell. In a fuel cell vehicle, hydrogen combines with oxygen. The two are so attracted to each other they actually create electricity, and the only byproduct is water. GM is running this market test to spread awareness and interest and gain feedback from test drivers. Bari Wien, an intern at EmPower Solar Clean Energy Solutions in Island Park, is one of those drivers. “It seems as if people are fascinated by this new technology that is environmentally and politically beneficial,” says Wien. “What better way to satisfy intrigue and fascination than to drive it yourself?” For more details and to apply to be a test driver visit www.gongos.com.
Under the Hood -- Hydrogen Fuel Cell
THE BOTTOM LINE
Vehicles running on hydrogen use no petroleum and have zero tailpipe emissions Clean steam is the only thing that comes out the back of the car. But certain obstacles have to be overcome before hydrogen cars hit the market on a large scale like: improving battery life, lowering the market price and tweaking the technology. Hydrogen is difficult to make and the process sometimes requires fossil fuels. Some stations rely on waste hydrogen products from factories, instead of fossil fuels. Right now, there is no electric car that can go farther than 200 miles and all batteries have a limited lifetime.
FUELING UP
A pumping station in Point Lookout, scheduled to open in September at the Town of Hempstead’s Conservation and Waterways headquarters, will provide pure hydrogen, blended hydrogen compressed natural gas, as well as pure natural gas fuels for a variety of vehicles.
Hydrogen will be trucked in huge tubes to the station, then fed through pipes controlled by a computer. You attach the tube pipe to the vehicle just like you would during a regular gasoline fill-up. The only difference is you are injecting compressed air rather than a liquid. The station will be part of an engineered network of stations under New York State’s hydrogen roadmap. For more information visit www.toh.li.
—Danielle Valente
Government Can Lead In Energy Conservation - Academician
KUCHING, Aug 19 (Bernama) -- Government departments and agencies can lead by example, in practising sustainable energy management.
This would be part of the national initiatives to save energy due to serious challenges posed by the global climate change, said Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Process Systems Engineering Centre (Prospect) director Professor Dr Zainuddin Abdul Manan.
He said government officers could make a positive difference by convincing the people through awareness programmes and campaigns that energy conservation could bring economic, social and environmental benefits to the public.
Dr Zainuddin was speaking to government officers and heads of departments from the various state and federal ministries during a talk, 'Sustainable Energy Management' organised by the Sarawak National Institute of Public Administration (Intan) here Wednesday.
He said it was anticipated that the world would see 200 million refugees by 2100, due to rising energy demand, widespread pollution and climate change.
Currently, Malaysia and Brunei are the only two Asean member countries that provided fuel subsidies, following the third global oil shock last year while tax incentives were given to companies to generate renewable energy under the Budget 2009, said Dr Zainuddin.
Players in the execution of energy efficiency measures through developing and utilising alternative sources and minimising negative environmental impacts, included the Economic Planning Unit (Energy division), energy, green technology and water ministry, Energy Commission and Pusat Tenaga Malaysia.
He said the country, which was moving towards renewable energy to gradually replace fossil fuel -- one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions -- currently only utilised 0.3 per cent as compared to 20 per cent in Germany as it still lacked the supporting structure from the commericalisation aspect.
-- BERNAMA
This would be part of the national initiatives to save energy due to serious challenges posed by the global climate change, said Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Process Systems Engineering Centre (Prospect) director Professor Dr Zainuddin Abdul Manan.
He said government officers could make a positive difference by convincing the people through awareness programmes and campaigns that energy conservation could bring economic, social and environmental benefits to the public.
Dr Zainuddin was speaking to government officers and heads of departments from the various state and federal ministries during a talk, 'Sustainable Energy Management' organised by the Sarawak National Institute of Public Administration (Intan) here Wednesday.
He said it was anticipated that the world would see 200 million refugees by 2100, due to rising energy demand, widespread pollution and climate change.
Currently, Malaysia and Brunei are the only two Asean member countries that provided fuel subsidies, following the third global oil shock last year while tax incentives were given to companies to generate renewable energy under the Budget 2009, said Dr Zainuddin.
Players in the execution of energy efficiency measures through developing and utilising alternative sources and minimising negative environmental impacts, included the Economic Planning Unit (Energy division), energy, green technology and water ministry, Energy Commission and Pusat Tenaga Malaysia.
He said the country, which was moving towards renewable energy to gradually replace fossil fuel -- one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions -- currently only utilised 0.3 per cent as compared to 20 per cent in Germany as it still lacked the supporting structure from the commericalisation aspect.
-- BERNAMA
Sunday, July 12, 2009
Shell Announces Availability Of New RON95 Fuel
July 07, 2009 - Bernama
KUALA LUMPUR, July 7 (Bernama) -- Shell Malaysia Trading Sdn Bhd announced today that its Shell Unleaded 95 fuel is now available at the Alisha Station along Federal Highway Batu 3 (Klang bound).
In a statement, Shell said the fuel will be available at all of its stations nationwide by September this year in compliance with government's directive to introduce the RON95 fuel to the market.
"We are pleased to offer our customers the opportunity to try our Shell Unleaded 95 fuel with fuel economy formula at this site," said the company's managing director Datuk Mohzani Abdul Wahab.
"Our customers can be assured that this new fuel continues to deliver on Shell's fuel quality promise and complements our aspiration of helping our customers get the most out of every drop," he said.
Shell also said that to address the need for fuel efficiency, tips are available at the http://everydrop.shell.com.my website to help motorists save up to 10 percent in fuel consumption.
"Shell will continue to work to educate drivers on ways to optimise their fuel consumption, and very soon we will be addressing RON95 public awareness as well," Mohzani said.
-- BERNAMA
KUALA LUMPUR, July 7 (Bernama) -- Shell Malaysia Trading Sdn Bhd announced today that its Shell Unleaded 95 fuel is now available at the Alisha Station along Federal Highway Batu 3 (Klang bound).
In a statement, Shell said the fuel will be available at all of its stations nationwide by September this year in compliance with government's directive to introduce the RON95 fuel to the market.
"We are pleased to offer our customers the opportunity to try our Shell Unleaded 95 fuel with fuel economy formula at this site," said the company's managing director Datuk Mohzani Abdul Wahab.
"Our customers can be assured that this new fuel continues to deliver on Shell's fuel quality promise and complements our aspiration of helping our customers get the most out of every drop," he said.
Shell also said that to address the need for fuel efficiency, tips are available at the http://everydrop.shell.com.my website to help motorists save up to 10 percent in fuel consumption.
"Shell will continue to work to educate drivers on ways to optimise their fuel consumption, and very soon we will be addressing RON95 public awareness as well," Mohzani said.
-- BERNAMA
RON 95 pumps up popularity among motorists
Thursday July 2, 2009 - The Star online
KUALA LUMPUR: Motorists are taking to the newly- introduced RON 95 petrol.
Petronas Dagangan Berhad senior general manager (retail business division) Mohd Fadzlan Abdul Samad said early sales at Petronas stations in Putrajaya showed that many people were buying the Primax 95 petrol.
Mohd Fadzlan said 65% of users at the two Petronas stations at Putrajaya offering the petrol have switched to using the product since it was launched in May.
“We predict that by the time it’s available nationwide on Sept 1, more people will switch to RON 95,” he said when launching the sale of Primax 95 at the Petronas station at the Middle Ring Road 2 in Kepong here on Tuesday.
Petronas is the only company offering RON 95 for now. The new petrol grade is priced at RM1.75 per litre.
The station in Kepong was also the first Petronas station in Kuala Lumpur and the third in Malaysia to provide RON 95.
KUALA LUMPUR: Motorists are taking to the newly- introduced RON 95 petrol.
Petronas Dagangan Berhad senior general manager (retail business division) Mohd Fadzlan Abdul Samad said early sales at Petronas stations in Putrajaya showed that many people were buying the Primax 95 petrol.
Mohd Fadzlan said 65% of users at the two Petronas stations at Putrajaya offering the petrol have switched to using the product since it was launched in May.
“We predict that by the time it’s available nationwide on Sept 1, more people will switch to RON 95,” he said when launching the sale of Primax 95 at the Petronas station at the Middle Ring Road 2 in Kepong here on Tuesday.
Petronas is the only company offering RON 95 for now. The new petrol grade is priced at RM1.75 per litre.
The station in Kepong was also the first Petronas station in Kuala Lumpur and the third in Malaysia to provide RON 95.
Wednesday, July 1, 2009
Oil money fuels Malaysia’s economy
By CECILIA KOK - The Star Online - Saturday 20 June 2009
IT is black, but it is also gold. Petroleum, or crude oil, is one of nature’s most precious gifts to mankind. Those who strike oil will strike it rich. The commodity is so useful that the world is predominantly powered by it.
Malaysia has been blessed with an abundance of natural resources, all of which have contributed to the country’s development in their own ways.
But it is oil and gas that have, over the years, superseded other resources in becoming the major fuel of economic growth.
A key component of Malaysia’s economy, the oil and gas sector accounts for 30% of the country’s manufacturing income and about 8% of the annual gross domestic product.
Last year, total oil production in the country stood at an estimated 720,000 barrels per day, of which around 550,000 barrels per day were refined for local consumption.
Total production of natural gas last year was around 2.3 trillion cu ft, of which 50% were consumed locally.
And as a net exporter of oil and gas, it is no doubt that Malaysia will benefit from the rising oil prices.
The higher prices will raise the national income, as well as the Government’s revenue.
Crude dependency
The oil and gas sector has been an important contributor to the Government’s coffers since the 1970s. This is evident in the amount of money it has received from Petronas through the years.
According to the national oil company, it has paid the Government a total of RM403.3bil between 1974 and 2008.
Last year alone, Petronas’ payment was RM67.6bil, or 63.1% of its profit for the year.
That amount represented 44% of the Government’s revenues for 2008.
The trend of the Government becoming increasingly dependent on oil revenues can be traced back to the early 2000s, when there was an emergence of a strong and sustained rally of crude oil prices, mainly as a result of the geopolitical tension in the Middle East.
However, economists have pointed out that the growing proportion of oil revenues is worrying.
They believe that high dependency on oil revenues to finance fiscal spending is not a viable long-term option, as it increases the vulnerability of the Government budget, and hence the country’s economy, to fluctuations in the commodity’s prices.
So, fiscal adjustment is needed for the Government to ensure long-term stability of its finances.
There is a need for the Government to seek other sources of revenue through diversification and to focus on increasing its non-resource-based revenues, such as taxes.
Among the potential initiatives are tax reforms and reinvestment of oil money in revenue-generating assets.
Previously, the Government had considered implementing goods and services tax (GST) by 2007, but the plan has since been shelved.
Another issue that the Government has to contend with is the subsidies for fuel and gas. In Malaysia, both oil and gas are subsidised, hence their retail prices are lower than market prices.
While high oil prices are a boon to its kitty, it also means that the Government will have to fork out more to subsidise the public’s consumption of fuel.
The Domestic Trade, Cooperative and Consumerism Ministry has said the Government did not have to pay fuel subsidies as long as crude oil prices were below US$65 per barrel.
But now that the commodity has exceeded that level, it appears that the Government will have to pay subsidies again.
According to the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), the total amount of subsidies borne by the Government between 1997 and 2008 was roughly RM78bil.
The total subsidies last year came to about RM20bil, compared with RM16bil in 2007.
Former deputy director of the Energy Section of the EPU, Dr Pola Singh, who is now an independent energy analyst, says Malaysia is a laggard in removing subsidies.
“An environment where fuel prices are kept artificially low will do more damage than good in the long term,” he explains.
He added that it is necessary for the Government to reduce the level of subsidies gradually for retail prices to reflect market prices and to wean Malaysians off their addiction to cheap fuels even though this will not be a popular move.
“We are generally wasteful when prices are low,” Pola argues.
He cites the example of petrol stations experiencing a significant decline in the demand for fuel when pump prices went up to RM2.70 per litre in July last year.
But following the lowering of pump prices to the current rate of RM1.80 per litre, Malaysian consumers have reverted to their old ways, and their consumption pattern is now back to normal.
Depleting resources
Meanwhile, there is no quick fix to the world’s dependence on oil. As the global economy continues to expand (despite the current hiccups, which it has been suffering over the past one year), demand for oil and natural gas as sources of energy continues to grow.
Reserves are fast depleting, as oil and gas, being non-renewable commodities, are continually being extracted to feed global consumption.
The combination of growing demand and depleting reserves may turn many net oil exporters into oil importers.
In the case of Malaysia, if domestic demand continues to grow at 4% annually and the country’s oil and gas production remains at a flattish 2.7% per year, there is a possibility of the country becoming a net importer within the next 10 years.
Held by Petronas, Malaysia’s total domestic reserves of oil and gas as at Jan 1, 2008, stood at 20.13 billion barrels of oil equivalent, while its total international reserves of oil and gas was at 6.24 billion barrels of oil equivalent.
In 2008, Petronas’ reserve replacement ratio stood at 0.9 times, down from 1.4 times and 1.8 times in 2007 and 2006, respectively.
The ratio is a measurement of new reserves discovered to volume of production. It is an indication of the company’s track record in maintaining a stable reserve of oil and gas.
There are various efforts to find new reserves. It is reported that Petronas spends about RM40bil per year on exploration and development activities, and it has indeed been successful in making discoveries, particularly in the deepwaters of Sabah and Sarawak over the years.
In addition, Petronas has overseas ventures in more than 30 countries now.
This could boost its reserve replacement ratio and provide opportunities for local oil and gas services providers to penetrate international markets via the national oil company, which usually prefers to award contracts to Malaysian companies.
However, the thinking that as long as we continue to invest, we will keep finding new oil reserves and that we may not run out of oil will give rise to a lack of a sense of urgency to devise new strategies for a fallback plan, says Pola.
There are no short cuts to counter the depleting fossil fuel resources, he says, but policymakers and corporations can accelerate initiatives to improve energy conservation and develop renewable energy to reduce consumption of oil and gas.
On the role of consumers, Pola says they can practise voluntary restraint and conservation to reduce pressure on oil demand.
IT is black, but it is also gold. Petroleum, or crude oil, is one of nature’s most precious gifts to mankind. Those who strike oil will strike it rich. The commodity is so useful that the world is predominantly powered by it.
Malaysia has been blessed with an abundance of natural resources, all of which have contributed to the country’s development in their own ways.
But it is oil and gas that have, over the years, superseded other resources in becoming the major fuel of economic growth.
A key component of Malaysia’s economy, the oil and gas sector accounts for 30% of the country’s manufacturing income and about 8% of the annual gross domestic product.
Last year, total oil production in the country stood at an estimated 720,000 barrels per day, of which around 550,000 barrels per day were refined for local consumption.
Total production of natural gas last year was around 2.3 trillion cu ft, of which 50% were consumed locally.
And as a net exporter of oil and gas, it is no doubt that Malaysia will benefit from the rising oil prices.
The higher prices will raise the national income, as well as the Government’s revenue.
Crude dependency
The oil and gas sector has been an important contributor to the Government’s coffers since the 1970s. This is evident in the amount of money it has received from Petronas through the years.
According to the national oil company, it has paid the Government a total of RM403.3bil between 1974 and 2008.
Last year alone, Petronas’ payment was RM67.6bil, or 63.1% of its profit for the year.
That amount represented 44% of the Government’s revenues for 2008.
The trend of the Government becoming increasingly dependent on oil revenues can be traced back to the early 2000s, when there was an emergence of a strong and sustained rally of crude oil prices, mainly as a result of the geopolitical tension in the Middle East.
However, economists have pointed out that the growing proportion of oil revenues is worrying.
They believe that high dependency on oil revenues to finance fiscal spending is not a viable long-term option, as it increases the vulnerability of the Government budget, and hence the country’s economy, to fluctuations in the commodity’s prices.
So, fiscal adjustment is needed for the Government to ensure long-term stability of its finances.
There is a need for the Government to seek other sources of revenue through diversification and to focus on increasing its non-resource-based revenues, such as taxes.
Among the potential initiatives are tax reforms and reinvestment of oil money in revenue-generating assets.
Previously, the Government had considered implementing goods and services tax (GST) by 2007, but the plan has since been shelved.
Another issue that the Government has to contend with is the subsidies for fuel and gas. In Malaysia, both oil and gas are subsidised, hence their retail prices are lower than market prices.
While high oil prices are a boon to its kitty, it also means that the Government will have to fork out more to subsidise the public’s consumption of fuel.
The Domestic Trade, Cooperative and Consumerism Ministry has said the Government did not have to pay fuel subsidies as long as crude oil prices were below US$65 per barrel.
But now that the commodity has exceeded that level, it appears that the Government will have to pay subsidies again.
According to the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), the total amount of subsidies borne by the Government between 1997 and 2008 was roughly RM78bil.
The total subsidies last year came to about RM20bil, compared with RM16bil in 2007.
Former deputy director of the Energy Section of the EPU, Dr Pola Singh, who is now an independent energy analyst, says Malaysia is a laggard in removing subsidies.
“An environment where fuel prices are kept artificially low will do more damage than good in the long term,” he explains.
He added that it is necessary for the Government to reduce the level of subsidies gradually for retail prices to reflect market prices and to wean Malaysians off their addiction to cheap fuels even though this will not be a popular move.
“We are generally wasteful when prices are low,” Pola argues.
He cites the example of petrol stations experiencing a significant decline in the demand for fuel when pump prices went up to RM2.70 per litre in July last year.
But following the lowering of pump prices to the current rate of RM1.80 per litre, Malaysian consumers have reverted to their old ways, and their consumption pattern is now back to normal.
Depleting resources
Meanwhile, there is no quick fix to the world’s dependence on oil. As the global economy continues to expand (despite the current hiccups, which it has been suffering over the past one year), demand for oil and natural gas as sources of energy continues to grow.
Reserves are fast depleting, as oil and gas, being non-renewable commodities, are continually being extracted to feed global consumption.
The combination of growing demand and depleting reserves may turn many net oil exporters into oil importers.
In the case of Malaysia, if domestic demand continues to grow at 4% annually and the country’s oil and gas production remains at a flattish 2.7% per year, there is a possibility of the country becoming a net importer within the next 10 years.
Held by Petronas, Malaysia’s total domestic reserves of oil and gas as at Jan 1, 2008, stood at 20.13 billion barrels of oil equivalent, while its total international reserves of oil and gas was at 6.24 billion barrels of oil equivalent.
In 2008, Petronas’ reserve replacement ratio stood at 0.9 times, down from 1.4 times and 1.8 times in 2007 and 2006, respectively.
The ratio is a measurement of new reserves discovered to volume of production. It is an indication of the company’s track record in maintaining a stable reserve of oil and gas.
There are various efforts to find new reserves. It is reported that Petronas spends about RM40bil per year on exploration and development activities, and it has indeed been successful in making discoveries, particularly in the deepwaters of Sabah and Sarawak over the years.
In addition, Petronas has overseas ventures in more than 30 countries now.
This could boost its reserve replacement ratio and provide opportunities for local oil and gas services providers to penetrate international markets via the national oil company, which usually prefers to award contracts to Malaysian companies.
However, the thinking that as long as we continue to invest, we will keep finding new oil reserves and that we may not run out of oil will give rise to a lack of a sense of urgency to devise new strategies for a fallback plan, says Pola.
There are no short cuts to counter the depleting fossil fuel resources, he says, but policymakers and corporations can accelerate initiatives to improve energy conservation and develop renewable energy to reduce consumption of oil and gas.
On the role of consumers, Pola says they can practise voluntary restraint and conservation to reduce pressure on oil demand.
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